Cover graphic: The analysis of community data is a process involving many steps, an example of only a few of which are portrayed here from top left to bottom right.

• Samples: The multivariate community data analysis pathway begins with field observations from different samples.
  
• Matrix: Based on these observations, a square distance matrix is computed to assess the dissimilarity of sample units to one another.
  
• Flowchart: A decision is then made to select the most appropriate analysis tool to address the stated analysis objectives.
  
• Analysis: When the group testing tool of MRPP is chosen, within-group distances are calculated for comparison to random assignments to groups.